98-366: Networking Fundamentals

Sobre este curso

good morning welcome to another round of Microsoft Virtual Academy on-demand studio recordings we’re here today to talk about what a little bit different we’re actually doing an exam prep for

our Microsoft Technology Associates certification for networking fundamentals I’m here this morning in studio with my good friend Thomas feel free to say hi

howdy I was just gonna sit here and kind of look blank for a few minutes waiting for Christopher to get finished but now I get to talk hi I’m Thomas Willingham well we like to give people a chance you

know to talk a little bit that’s it may be the last thing year for him all day he’s just here to look pretty and lend some credibility to the content that we put together so we’re gonna actually go

through some slides first is what we’re gonna do meet the presenters first one me Christopher Chapman I’ve done a couple of these before you may have seen me around on the MBA site I’m hoping

that changes more and more in the future my background I’ve been in IT for a long time started out the basics helpdesk tech support into networking systems administration into consulting

architecture design I’ve done a number of projects small and large for Microsoft for other companies a lot of a lot of varied background for me myself since this is kind of a certain based

exam prep course I added to this that I do have a number of Microsoft and other industry certifications including pretty much most of the admin level search for Microsoft I don’t have any the dev certs

yet but maybe one of these days that’ll change and let me just point out the glamour shot picture of Christopher here very well done props to Christopher for his picture and

and there’s a reason that that that that’s been brought up and that’s because on slide three we have our other presenter mr. Willingham yeah okay so this was taken with my phone I did use

the hipster format here so I feel pretty good about not talking about background I taught the Microsoft MCSE and the Novell Seanie programs and consulted for about 10 years I’ve also written

courseware for MS learning couple different courses and currently most recently I’ve been a Content developer from remote desktop virtualization for about the last five years

awesome so today we’re going to be covering again Network fundamentals it’s a Microsoft Technology Associate exam that we’re covering content from and some of these topics may look familiar

if you’re here looking for kind of an intro a starting point to a potential IT career or just additional IT knowledge you may have come across these topics in other prep materials before local area

networking the OSI model wired and wireless networks and their components ie Internet Protocol which is one of the largest things you’re gonna come across in any network these days

tcp/ip tools network services of which there are dozens and dozens wide area networks a little bit different than the local area networks in the first module and then network infrastructure and

security which we’re only gonna touch on a little bit we start getting into design we start getting into larger more solution-based information this course is very much technology it’s actually

gonna be a lot of sort of term and definition information for you so you’ll be a lot more just technical information at a at a starter level and Christopher real quick what kind of information do

people need before going into this course what kind of prerequisite information do people need so that’s actually what I just brought up we have some suggested prerequisites for this

and it’s it’s more suggested it’s not a requirement that this is something you’ve seen or done I put on here exam 9 8 – 3 4 9 it’s another Microsoft certification on Windows operating

system fundamentals it’s a good way to get familiar with Windows which is the environment we’re going to be in today the environment you may be learning in as you’re going through what we’re

teaching you in this in this course and it’s a good starter just to get you familiar with Microsoft OS is if you’re not familiar with them but if a student doesn’t have any prerequisite knowledge

they’ll be ok just diving into this course correct they should be yeah ok ok you should the things we’re talking about here if you’re using something that’s non Microsoft some of the tool

names will be a little bit different but you’ll be able to use really any kind of search any search tool to find out what the equivalent versions are in whatever operating system it might be happened

using our target audience we put on here IT Help Desk staff interested in moving into networking systems administration you may be working on desktops you may be supporting desktops and you may be

wanting to get out of that it’s not that that’s a bad thing but some people like to you know change over time as well as anybody interested learning in learning more about networking networking

essentials or any other networking topics so that is pretty much it for our introduction we’re going to take a minute get ready for our first module we’ll be back in a couple of minutes to

throw some content your way hey Christopher one quick question we have here is how much does this cost for Microsoft Virtual Academy as a student I want to start getting involved in this I

want to learn more how much is this gonna cost me talk to these online courses that’s so business free this freak on so basically this is just a big hug from Microsoft a hug of knowledge it

is it is indeed that’s exactly what we’re doing we want everybody everybody out there to be here learning for free as best they can if you have friends if you’re learning this if you know someone

else who wants to learn this we have dozens of other topics this is just the beginning in fact for people taking this course this might even be your intro to Microsoft Virtual Academy and what could

potentially be I’d say months years of your life and in the case of me at least years of your life consumed learning and doing and finding out more and more and more every day that sounds like an

excellent opportunity come in and get your free hug of knowledge we’re in module one understanding the local area networking Christopher well that’s pretty much what we’re here to do we’re

gonna dive into our content finally for every who’s excited and waiting anxiously to learn more about networking which I know everybody is because that’s all everybody wants learn who couldn’t

be its network through I mean what more could you ask for although it is kind of the foundation to everything I’ve ever done since I learned it so I’d say it’s important for that reason agree

great um yeah we’re gonna jump right into some content start giving you guys some information it’s gonna be a lot of I’d mentioned in the intro a lot of kind of topic or or word definition it’s a

lot of just technical content for the next a little while we’re gonna throw in some demos hopefully to keep a little bit exciting to show you a little bit about what we’re talking about and get

through it as best we can module one is basically kind of an overview type module so people may see it as a little drier but I think with some of the slides that Christopher is

created we’ve we’ve got some really good animations going so I think we’re gonna see some good high value edutainment here where you not only get some education you’re gonna get some

entertainment we certainly hope so okay so let’s dive in okay so understanding local area networking first of all we have objectives and when we teach this course we want to be

talking about or keeping in mind that there is a test associated with this course Christopher how does that test work well that’s an interesting question that the test from a technical

standpoint they’re they’re multiple-choice what you’re seeing here on the screen is we break our test down into objective domains we want to kind of create a map of what the test is

gonna cover and then when we use we then use that map to create courses similar this one or our instructor led training that map to those domains so that we make sure we’re covering what you would

need to know for that course or that exam when you go to actually take it these exams I’ve taken I think three of the four kind of intro IT mta’s I took them when I came on at Microsoft just so

I had the information and was familiar with the tests they’re they’re quick they’re they’re not too bad they’re about 35 questions I think you’re given an hour a little over an hour to get

them done so that’s that’s the long and short of the test it’s a lot of multiple-choice and hopefully we’re gonna give you the information to pass them okay sounds great let’s go ahead

and dive in then so our objectives for the first lesson here the first module are we’re going to be talking about examining local area networks devices and data transfers we’re also going to

talk about identifying Network topologies and standards so network components and terminology let’s see what we have here we have data basically this is the unit of information that’s

going to flow across a network we have nodes these are end devices that are on the network client you basically have a client and server the hard-and-fast of it is is a

client request services a server fulfills services and spree much it pierre-pierre can perform either action it can be a client or a server and you’ll find in a lot of these systems

that a lot of these devices act as peers network adapter to gain access to the network and gain access to other devices you need a network adapter of some kind to allow you to access the media hub

this is a device that multiple devices hook into that basically spreads the data around to other devices so everybody has access to it and that’s one of the first things we’ll be

covering in this slides coming up switch switch is similar to a hub it has a little bit different functionality there’s also router and these are basically network utilities or network

devices used to connect multiple devices together media this is what devices talk on media could be cable Wireless there’s different types of media transport protocol transport protocol is what’s

used so basically any system that enables communication has rules let’s think of the English language it has rules Christopher you and I may have grown up in different parts of the

country but we’re still able to communicate with each other because the English language has a basic set of rules for networking those are referred to as protocols or standards and by

using these protocols or standards different devices are able to connect together and inter communicate and in some cases different systems entirely different vendors Microsoft has an email

server 100 other companies out there have email servers online email services they can all still talk to each other exactly exactly and then finally bandwidth this is what

you can actually use to transfer data across Network what’s available to you local area network so basically the the basic definition of what a local area network

is a local area network is a group of computers can find with small geographic area such as a single building so this is the the basic building block of what a network is in some cases in my past

that would mean my dining room there have been times where you know when I started learning the I don’t know how many of the people in IT do this I’ve heard some stories from some other

people you want to get used to networking you want to be used to building networks you want to get used to servers and the services they provide which we’re going to talk about later so

I’ve had times in my life where a dining room is full of you know six seven eight computers just stacked up in a corner somewhere thanks now to the way in quiet not bugging anyone else in the house of

course taking up any space at all and that that’s essentially a land it’s a small geographic area small room computers connected to it ok another kind of small example like that it’s

game night it’s game night you four or five of your friends they’ve all brought your computers over I’ve all brought their monitors over and so if they all interconnect and use a hub is that

considered a network there’s a land that is land exactly Oh perfect great okay so basically a group of devices that share a common medium such as cabled or Wireless and that ones will get into

some finer points that was a little tricky because technically a land can in this particular instance given that definition a land can have both and still be considered a local area network

I can have a wireless device plugged in via a wire to a hub or a switch which we’re gonna learn about and that provides wireless access to computers that also have access to wired computers

via that other device so yeah same idea so typically when we refer to local area network we’re referring to a smaller geography so so devices that are closer together as opposed to I’ll just throw

out a term a wide area network where things are more geographically dispersed maybe buildings countries I’d say here I mean even in the building we’re in right now it’s four four floors

I’m not even sure we’d consider the building a local area network it might be per floor a local area network a lot of that would come down to how IT has it set up and how they’ve divided

everything but I don’t have privy in their access to that private information so well and local area networks also deal with like sub networking and things of that nature which are some exciting

topics that we’ll be dealing with here later so there’s a hook right there if you’re thinking of hey you know I don’t know if I should watch all of this we’re going to talk about sub networking later

so if that doesn’t hook you I don’t know what well so let’s go ahead and talk about the basic of a network so networks are used to exchange data and reasons for networks include sharing information

communicating organizing data so this is all kind of generic sharing information what kind of information could we share Christopher anything pictures music movies I mean you know on a land that we

have licenses for of course we don’t wanna get any gray area here really any information documents I need at work where we’re in a work environment we share information all the time we have

shares where documents are stored we have not to get too far out of the idea of a land but we have other services that provide sharing to other information elsewhere on the network as

well well and you and I shared information when we were creating this presentation so as we were creating this presentation basically what we did is we had a central area on the network that

we would connect to Christopher would work on the slides I would work on the slides so we would use this area to share information and organize information and for the sake of you know

a little cross promotion one of the nice new things about some Microsoft software we were able to share that information and not have to copy it locally because well office lets us do co-authoring so

that’s all nice little plug for another product group yeah and it was it was relatively seamless what we were doing so as Christopher would work on the deck I would get I would receive a note that

hey Christopher is working on the deck I would save it would bring his changes down I could edit save it would push my changes up worked really nice yeah and then communication basically email so

you we use these tools on a day-to-day basis email we stream video we use tools Sky Drive Dropbox tools of that nature and we don’t even think named networking and

and that’s really the beauty of networking is it should be seamless it should just be something that we use and a good network is seamless in that nature where you just use it and there’s

not a problem that’s true that’s true and hopefully people watching this video haven’t had too many experiences to the contrary although it is possible every once in a while you know I’ve heard they

go down you know it’s although they soon as you say that in my head I hear the thousands of times right let’s say the networks down but networks down the network’s down the network probably

isn’t down most of the time but there are things that can cause some issues from time to time so we might even talk about that later again another hook if that’s not gonna

hook you again I don’t know what well maybe will cause something maybe we’ll break some stuff over here today we can break stuff yeah we can I might have a hammer that would be an entry way to

break a network network documentation so network documentation basically helps describe define and explain physical and logical methods for connecting devices documentation phase so as you’re

creating a network there’s different phases to it a planning phase of pilot phase actually documentation phase is one of those and that’s where you basically sketch out what you think the

network is going to look like and then if you’re thinking about tools Microsoft Visio is an example of a tool that will do this there are some tools that will even load up and go self discover

devices on your network kind of pull it down into a Visio styled diagram and then you can kind of note and arrange stuff as you’d like okay as we were going through our terminology we

mentioned hub and Christopher mention that we’d be talking about this later so Christopher why don’t you talk about hubs well hubs to be to be pretty simple are

really the simplest connecting device a network can have it we’re assuming that we’re not doing peer-to-peer connections most people don’t do that hubs were were one of the first devices

used to connect computers together the they’re very simple it’s a box you plug into we’re gonna talk about cabling and network cards you plug your computer into this box it listens for activity

going on on the network it hears something from a port where you’ve plugged in one computer it then takes that information and sends out to all the rest of the ports in the box it’s

assuming that this computer is trying to talk to somebody I’m gonna take that information and send out to everybody and see who’s listening ok so let’s go ahead and take a look at the animation

here that kind of demonstrates the functionality of a hub so basically we have our devices here and we have our hub and those lightning bolts represent data traveling or that could travel

across the network and basically what we have is we have this little dot here representing a packet so this is a server or device requesting information or sending information to another device

so notice what we have here that unit of information goes to the hub now the hub doesn’t pick what device it sends it to it just broadcasts that information to all the other devices on the network and

if any of those devices don’t need that information they just ignore it they still get it they still here they just pay no attention to it ok so if I’m in a room talking to a group of people but

I’m talking specifically to Christopher I’ll use his name I’ll say hey Christopher the other people in the room although I’m loud will hear my voice they’ll know that I’m talking directly

to Christopher pretty much it’s a good analogy ok so we have a hub now a switch on the other hand is kind of a fancy hub it’s a smarter version of a hub where a hub takes in information and then

broadcasts at everywhere a switch on the other hand is more selective about how it sends out information how is it selective Christopher so another thing that we’ll

talk about a little later is what’s called a MAC address it’s an address assigned to the physical network port on a network card in a computer on any computer every computer

that has a network card that network port has an address assigned to it and we’ll get into there are actually multiple types of addresses assigned what a switch does is it keeps track of

which addresses from which devices are connected to it so it’s not that the ports on the switch have that address themselves is just that they know who’s at the end of it

so when computer a sends me a piece of information the switch is gonna look at that information kind of open it up a little bit look at the header at the top of the file and say this is destined for

a computer that has this MAC address is what it’s called then we’ll learn about that more I know exactly which port that MAC address is connected to so I’m just gonna send it down that port so

basically what we have is instead of that information being broadcast everywhere it’s broadcast to specific ports so now our networks not flooded with basically all this noise or all

this data being transferred everywhere the information is basically set along very specific paths so let’s take a look at the PowerPoint here and Kristopher again has another amazing animation that

will demonstrate how this works so notice again we we have the start system here that initiates a packet being sent it sends the packet to the switch this is where Christopher mentioned hey this

switch evaluates where is the destination and says hey the destination is this system and at the same time another system initiated a packet sent that to the switch and the switch said

hey that goes to this one here so it really allows so a hub basically takes anything and broadcast it out a switch on the other hand is very deliberate about receiving a packet and then

sending that packet on a very specific path and one of the things that that that brings us in terms of bandwidth we talked about bandwidth on the first slide you see when you purchase these

devices they’re rated for a certain amount of bandwidth you’ll see hubs with 10 megabits per second Hunter megabits per second you’ll see switches with ten or a hundred or even a thousand megabits

per second if they’re gigabit switch one of the very important differences that even I didn’t learn right when I started learning is that with a hub because of the broadcast nature of

the technology that bandwidth advertised on the device is shared so that hub can support 100 megabits per second across all of its ports at any given time so if I am sending a large file to a server or

to another computer in my house and someone else decides to send a large file to another computer my bandwidth gets essentially cut in half so that they can have some to use as well

switches because they have addressable ports and can keep track of where traffic is supposed to go that is not the case switches that traffic is available to every port at any given

time now if you’re if you have two computers say sending a large file to the same computer you’re still gonna run into bandwidth issues because now you’ve got the same

two ports bringing in traffic but only one sending it out but the switch is a product as is technically able to support all event bandwidth per port okay so next we so we’ve talked about

the hub we’ve talked about the switch now let’s talk about a router so if we look at the slide basically you see that the configurations look very similar the hub to switch the router there there’s

what we refer to as a star topology here so all these devices star into the router the router enables computers to communicate to a different network we haven’t quite talked about that yet

the easiest thing to think about is and the way most people think about routers is a router enables me to communicate with the Internet yep so I have my home network my work network it has one LAN

one type of network on it I use my router and it enables me to connect to another network at this point being the internet it’s the best example that we can come up with pretty much anytime

okay so if we look at the graphic here we see that the internet that big huge cloud and Christopher is using some very basic graphics here so when you see a cloud like this they’re typically

referring to the Internet when you see a device in the middle like this that’s typically refer into a hub a switch a router the kind of block on the left

typically a server the one on the right with the monitor and the block the computer is a computer and then the basic one on the bottom is a laptop so we talked about documenting your network

this is the type of icons that you’ll use to document your network potentially yeah so we’ve talked about hubs we talked about switches we’ve talked about routers now let’s talk about how we get

devices connected to a hub a device or router so basically how do we get connected to the network sounds about right okay so we have a network adapter I’m

sure pretty much if anyone has looked at their computer laptop desktop whatever they’ve probably seen this type of port for those of you that are a little bit older and are familiar with hard land

telephones I’m dating myself here I just talked about a hard land telephone a hard wired telephone this looks like a hard wired telephone Jack I just think it’s funny that we’re talking about in

that context for the older folk out there you’ll remember back when we had telephone I know remember when we had wires we had to plug a phone into the wall exactly cable and you had to dial

the phone so basically what we have here is this is an rj45 jack oriented piece of hardware rj45 jack is just a little bit wider than a telephone so that is the connection area for the computer for

the wire and then what you see on the other slide here is the rj45 jack that used to connect to the computer this is for what we would refer to as a wired Network absolutely as opposed to

wireless most people at this point are probably more familiar with wireless than they are with wired but if you’re going into into networking and want to understand these are still terms you

need to know and need to need to understand well and if you’re looking to a networking from a business standpoint if you’re looking to maybe start a nice advanced IT career these are terms

you’re gonna want to know because a lot of corporate networks aren’t Wireless they provide Wireless and we’re here at Microsoft we have wireless networks that I can connect the laptop to anytime but

if I sit down in my office at my desktop or even with my laptop I have a wire that I can plug into and if you’re responsible for managing setting up designing a network wired is gonna be a

large part of what you’re doing well and even though your network it has Wireless in it most likely when we we talk about servers servers are gonna be wired yeah absolutely

so there’s going to be part of your network infrastructure that does have wires associated with yeah I can actually tell I was looking at the pictures I’m remembering funny stories

back when I was learning how to do all of this how to how to build a network that was a 14 15 years old I had gotten a copy of nt4 perfectly legitimately from a reputable source and

I had I just want to learn and I tend to learn by doing so I I put nt4 workstation on a computer in my bedroom I put nt4 server on a computer downstairs this is my parents house I

went to some store a camera what store was or could even exist anymore and I bought a kit and this kit came with a little 10100 hub and to 10100 network cards I had to install the network cards

in both of these computers and I had to put the hub on the stairs and on the fourth or fifth step of my parents house and then run cables up and down the stairs to my bedroom into the family

room which my parents loved they were thrilled the the part of the reason I tell that story is because I still have those devices at my house I still have the hub and at least one of the network

cards and I’m one of these they’ll actually frame it because it was my first networking experience ever with the store buying this stuff and just setting it at my parents house and

figuring out how it works and for those of us that are kind of geeky and bent like that that’s what we remember like some people like oh my first kiss my first car hey and not that your first

kiss and your first car aren’t awesome but your first network card and the first time you get devices to intercommunicate nothing better is abuse and what do these IP address is all

about my stories for that when we get to it okay so we’ve talked about wired networks and how wired networks intercommunicate we’ve also kind of hinted about Wireless so the ability

to connect a device without wires and that’s what people are most familiar with whether it be a phone a tablet a laptop you go into Starbucks you go into wherever you prop up in your laptop and

you start working and immediately have Internet connectivity because of wireless yeah so the basic wireless device is a wireless access point and a wireless access point is what’s used on

a network to allow wireless devices to connect to the hard wired network we’ve talked about wired networks and that’s going to be the backbone of any network is gonna be wired and then you will have

areas that allow Wireless to connect to your wired network wireless access points are basically what do that yep and they allow smart phones PDAs tablets laptops PCs names even desktops yeah

desktops will come with wireless adapter so you can take it home unbox it set it up you don’t worry about it’s just one less wire to junk up your office bedroom living room wherever you put your

computer well and some of us enjoy having the hub in the living room and a wire running to every bedroom by some of us it’s like three of us but we do we love it it’s neat you know in tripping

over it in the middle of the night just reinforces that joy of I have a network at home I rock oh my goodness ah but you know for those of us with families and stuff with spouses who are like yeah

you’re not gonna run wires all over the house thank god there’s wireless there’s wireless we can put Wireless in I can go to my bedroom the kids bedroom whatever and still have access to the network

it’s demo time a we kind of drew straws and we decided that Christopher was going to be demo dolly this time so we’re gonna head over to Christopher’s computer and what do

you have for us Christopher all right well I think we’re gonna look at some we’re gonna look at the devices we’ve talked about from the computers we’re gonna start with device manager

actually gonna start somewhere else so on a modern PC we’re looking at a Windows 8 PC right here I’ve cleaned out the desktop I’ve just put some shortcuts here that we’re gonna be using but I

don’t wanna start there if you’re a home user if you’re a an office user who again is getting into networking getting into IT what you’re gonna be able to get to quickly and easily is right here this

little icon this little icon takes you to network and sharing center and I’m going to jump right into adapter settings these are network cards now two of these the ones on the right we’re not

gonna pay any attention to those are not what we’re talking about from a from a land standpoint this right here is a software representation of the network card in my computer and the properties

associated to it so we have protocols in here we have different connection items we’re going to talk about all this later but for now we’re going to close this and I’m going to show you a little bit

different view of essentially the same information so back to our desktop and I’m an actually open control panel and once you’re in control panel a couple of different ways we can get to this

information one of the joys of Microsoft they like to give us five ways to do everything which is terrific you get to pick the one that works best for you working up device manager and

we’re gonna take a look at Network Devices from a device manager standpoint right here at our network adapters and again we see the same adapter as we saw before this one when you come into

properties it’s a little bit different these are actual Hardware properties and hardware settings that we’re looking at and can change there are many many settings on a network adapter on a

network card that can be changed we’re not going to get into these details you don’t need these details for the sake of this exam so you can take a look at this you can play with these if you want to

if you have a network where it’s not crucial that you’re connected to it because changing some of these may at least intermittently disconnect you from that network and our last bit is an

actual IP address I’m gonna look at this from unfortunately the way this computer set up I can’t go into those property sheets to look at an IP address I can do this and I can do IP config which is

a tool we’re gonna learn more about later in much much detail and this gives me an IP address 10.00 about 39 in this case is the IP address on this computer above that you’ll see an ipv6 address

we’re gonna talk about ipv6 we’re actually gonna talk about everything you’re seeing IP addresses the IP protocol the Internet Protocol the different versions all this will be

discussed in in more detail later on in this content I’m gonna close that we’re gonna hand this back off Thomas okay great thanks for the demo Christopher no problem we and when I say we I’m talking

about myself and the audience appreciate your hard work well thanks you’re welcome okay so next up serial data transfer so how is information basically transferred or a

method of transferring data across the wire one way is Syrians serial data transfer and what this refers to is the transfer of information one bit at a time very

similar to like a single lane highway so as cars get on the single lane highway one at a time and go to their different destinations on a network cable the data travels in one specific direction in a

single stream so serial data transfer there’s also data transfer rates so how fast can data be transferred across these different media they define maximum bits per second BPS that can be

transmitted over a network typically rated in bits using a lowercase B for example 10 or 100 megabits per second the lowercase B differentiates this from the uppercase B

uppercase B bytes typically hard drive and RAM bits network communication lowercase B so to to kind of make a real-world example to that because it’s this is something that people actually

interact with it I’m not sure they realize that most of the time when you go to your cable provider your DSL provider whoever is providing Internet say at your house or your

office and you run speed tests you know minor it’s running slow I need to go look at why it’s running so slow they’re gonna do data transfers to test that throughput those data transfers are

gonna be represented most of the time in bytes so when I go to my provider and I run a speed test it’s gonna show me a little meter with a little needle that needles gonna show me bytes megabytes

per second to get megabits per second to get the actual speed of that internet connection as advertised by that provider because a byte is eight bits you have to divide or multiply that case

that byte number by 8 to get your megabits per second so if my if my speed test shows 2 megabytes per second download and I say well I bought a 16 mega Vidor so why is it only 2 if you

multiply that 2 megabytes per second that the screen is showing me by bits by 8 I get 16 megabits per second and my internet connection is running the way it should

nice let’s see you learn something every day you do ok our types of transfers there’s broadcast in unicast broadcast is basically information being sent to all devices unicast is information being

sent to a specific device so broadcasts a way to think of broadcast and example radio so somebody talking over a radio that gets sent to multiple devices unicast walkie-talkie so when you’re on

a walkie-talkie those are only going in between those two devices IP addresses so we’ve talked about devices on the network we’ve talked about broadcast we’ve talked about unicast how does a

device know or how do devices know a specific device that is being sent information they use an IP address an IP address is similar to here in the States we use social security numbers to

uniquely identify each person networks use IP addresses Christopher talked about MAC addresses media access control addresses those are the hardware addresses that are physically associated

to the computer IP addresses or addresses associated by the tcp/ip protocol associated to the MAC address again this lets devices know who one device

two devices are talking to so when they say hey I’m talking to 192 128 dot one dot one they know hey 128 or 192 128 dot one dot one is this specific device and it allows device intercommunication most

devices connected to a network have an IP address and devices that we might not even think about again we go back to that list of wireless devices a phone a tablet PC a laptop these could all be a

router a switch these could all be devices that have an IP address potential yeah again they uniquely identify devices on the network they give an example here 192 168 dot one dot

one and every IP address is broken down actually into two components a network component and a host component the network ID basically shows what network the system is on and then the host ID

says hey this specific device and by by what network the device is on what do you mean by that so you’ve talked about bandwidth and we’ve talked about local area networks a local area network is

and one we’ve said it’s a geographic area so it’s a geographic area that shares the same network ID the same network ID all devices on a network share the same network ID and in our

example here the 192 168 1 1 the network ID is 192 168 dot 1 so all devices that share this first three numbers are all on the same network the dot 1 uniquely identifies a device

now we talked about a hub a switch and a router all devices on 192 168 dot one are all able to communicate communicate using a hub or a switch to communicate with a device on a different network

using this example 192 168 dot 2 we would need a router device this allows us to basically create areas where we have bandwidth so we’re going to have these devices using the set of bandwidth

in this network then we’re gonna have another network over here of a different group of devices that again share bandwidth then we can use a router to interconnect these two different

networks so if we look at a local area network as Christopher just mentioned you’ll see here again using our documentation kind of standards some different items here you see some

servers you see some routers and switches you see the internet the brick wall is typically what’s used for a firewall and I put that in here with a note to myself that a firewall

especially in this representation is essentially a router with additional functionality firewalls are going to allow you to interconnect two networks but with a large amount depending on the

firewall you’re using of security ability that a typical router may or may not have so it sounds like your firewalls basically your gatekeeper that allows your devices from your network to

communicate to the internet but the internet all of the internet not to be able to communicate directly to your devices no inside we don’t want that necessarily and that’s how we create

like denial of service attacks and things like that is firewalls not being properly set up and allowing what you could refer to as malicious communication to come in from the

internet into your internal network or sometimes externally and I will get into those details today but sometimes firewalls can be used for containment if something has

managed to get to my network has a virus malware some sort of other potential security issue that could happen inside a network that fire will make keep it contained if I have other sites that I

don’t want it to get out to and there’s a lot of it we get into security we’ll be here for weeks and weeks and weeks very good very good and then notice let’s actually go back

to the graphic really quick notice we also have a wireless access point here so we have our wired network we have our firewall we have Internet connectivity we have devices connecting to hubs we

have servers we also have a wireless access point and wireless devices connecting to the network yeah this is this is pretty representative of really any network this could be your house

although maybe on a smaller scale this could be your office on any scale this could be here at Microsoft on a massive and global scale but at the end of the day these are the pieces that make it up

devices servers switches firewalls wireless access points it gets much more complicated when you get to the details but this is the general idea so at this point people have a pretty decent

understanding now it’s just about scale yeah so all these components and these components we’ve simplified stuff and things in a basically production environment might be a lot more complex

but these basic hub router switches client-server peer wireless access point these are all things that you’ll find in your neighborhood yep basically and in some cases in my living room or in you

know someone’s living room exactly now virtual LAN so a VLAN is a group of hosts with a common set of requirements that communicate as if they were connected together in a normal fashion

on one switch regardless of their physical location okay so let’s take a look at what that means we’ve talked about the fact that a switch has the ability to know the device at the end of

the port so hey this is device one this is device two so a virtual land allows us to group those devices together so hey devices on ports 1 5 and 10 are on a single network

or virtual LAN and what that allows me to do is it lets me take a switch which is not necessarily a the smartest of network devices it’s not built for subdivision and it lets me subdivide it

lets me say ports 1 5 and 10 are isolated I want those 3 computers to talk to themselves I don’t want them to talk to anything else or anything else to talk

to them so in this case we’ve got computers connected to you know three servers three workstations on a wireless access point connected to six of the ten ports on this hypothetical switch and

we’ve divided it according to the table on the left this is called tagging you’re gonna go into that switch you’re gonna pull up the configuration for those ports you’re gonna VLAN tag those

ports with an ID in this case the IDs I’ve lists on the left one and two basically divided this into two different networks so ports 1 & 2 if we go from the upper left to the lower

right the way we normally read the first two computers the first server and the third server are all on the same VLAN and the wireless access point so those two pcs are wireless devices and two of

the three servers are talk to each other connected to each other fully functional as a network however port 3 which is our third PC and poor 7 which is our second server are isolated they’re still

connected to each other they can still talk to each other they cannot necessarily talk to the other devices on that switch and so an example of this might be your accounting department

maybe you don’t want your accounting department the information there maybe they’re do working on super-secret projects or you just don’t want accounting information on the rest of

the network you can separate the accounting area out and so none of the server’s even though they’re all on the same physical network logically they can’t talk to each other correct and I

could use a router to do that I mean I can use a router to physically separate those networks but they’re expensive part of the reason billions kind of came to be it’s a slightly less halt in some

cases a considerably less expensive way to do this isolation so basically we’re using software implementation instead of a hardware implementation for this virtual network

yep in this case okay Network topologies Network topologies basically is how the network is physically laid out there are different types of network topologies bus ring star mesh and tree if we look

at our graphic here the bus ring and star mesh and tree refer to a physical layout so bus basically in line this is old-style coax Ethernet basically what you would have is a

single coax cable that would run from one area to another as you hook devices and you had a little t-connector you would start the cable you’d hook it into one area of the T so you have basically

this t-connector the cable comes in one area this connects to the device this cable runs out this area and then this device is now in line with the rest the end device you would have to basically

put an end cap on to finish it up and if any of the devices got disconnected or the signal didn’t go quite right your whole network went down the best way to think about that

Christmas tree lights who hasn’t fought over Christmas tree lights the one ball goes dead all your bulbs go dead and now you’re sitting there you know drinking your sorrows away not that I advocate

drinking but drinking your sorrows away because you got to sit there with what a bazillion bulbs and then try and pick one out put the new one in and so basically that’s an example of that

topology all that Christmas like drinking thing all for that example exactly not much that you’re gonna see luckily for the sake of Thomas’s not advocating drinking locally not

acknowledged EUC much anymore ring-ring is basically things connected in a ring fashion and typically when we refer to ring that’s more logical topology than a physical topology yeah the funny thing

we have a slide here in a minute that talks more about brings and mentions that the ring topology even though it is a circle actually is a number of devices connected to a central device so it’s

one of the fun things I’ve had teaching over the years when I’m in different classes talking about networking is that we show these graphics that are very simple representations of a bus a ring

and a star and then I say well technically a ring is going to look like a star but if it works logically as a razor ring yes okay which brings us to star and we’ve seen evidence of this

before if you think of that middle piece that purple piece that’s the hub or the switch or the switch and then all the green is the cable the purple is all the devices and basically all that

interconnection mesh mesh is Ted Nugent double I’d free-for-all yeah mesh is basically everything connected to everything else mesh is what you would have to do if you wanted a star without

the central device so I want to connect my computer that three other computers on my network I don’t have one box that I can plug one cable into that the cables from those are plugged into as

well I have to physically and I’ve never actually seen I don’t know if this is good or bad I’ve never seen a mesh implementation at this level at a network level I haven’t either mesh they

tout that it’s for fault tolerance but nowadays and and I think that was kind of in the day when hubs and switches tend to default a lot more and I think now with hardware being the way it is

switches hubs routers being as decent as they are we’ve kind of gone away from mesh well you will still see mesh in some instances the biggest thing I can think of right off top my head where

you’ll see a mesh topology is in fiber channel if you’re doing centralized shared storage what’s called a sand-witch we won’t cover in this class the connectivity to sands in the backend

in a server room they tend to create a mesh topology you’re gonna have multiple switches connected to ass and those switches are going to connect to multiple servers and in most cases those

servers will connect to both switches the switches will both connect to the server or the sand in the backend it is a fault launch is exactly what it sports to make sure that there’s always

a path between the storage and the server so that’s the best example I’ve seen mesh topologies in the world still today you usually won’t see it at the host level well in 10 they tend to use

mesh at also a router level so all your routers tend to be more interconnected than not yeah one thing that they’ll refer to that’s not on the slide is hybrids and that’s pretty typical so

you’ll have an area of mesh an area of ring an area of star and all these kind of collapse together yeah potentially and then finally tree I think Christopher was thinking about hiking

when you wrote this slide so I’m gonna throw tree to Christopher true throw throw tree to me yeah I’m trying to give a good analogy for tree I mean it’s not again it’s not very common we just kind

of put it on here because it’s information people to have it’s it just kind of exists no it’s it’s almost like bus I should move bus down to the bottom its list only because it’s just it’s not

around anymore okay though not something you’ll need to know okay fair enough fair enough so we’ve talked about network topologies let’s dive into star topology a little bit more again we’ve

seen examples of this numerous times it’s the most common topology basically this is your switch hub router device and then all your network devices are connected to it per the example here the

next one mesh again we we’ve talked about this not real world for computers it’s more like you said force and storage or routers or but basically you see here that all systems are

interconnected to every other system a little expensive that one well if you things that people don’t think about is you need a network card and network port for each of these cables so for

everything that’s incoming you’re going to need network cards you’re going to need cabling so as Christopher said this can be kind of expensive so ring topology as we mentioned earlier

although it logically functions as a ring it physically works as a star token ring uses this fiber distributed data interface FDDI uses this but like I said typically the physical layout is a star

layout device is plugged into a central connecting point the typically token ring uses a star topology and actually that’s why you’re fitting you next slide so token ring

the idea for token ring is you have the Talking Stick if you don’t have the Talking Stick you don’t get to talk and in this case the talking stick is a token that’s passed around in in an

orderly fashion and when a device receives the token that you can talk token if it needs to talk then it puts information on the network if it doesn’t need to talk it says hey I don’t need to

talk and basically passes a token to the next designated device and then the data passes the same way so if I get to talking stick and I’m allowed to talk and I need to talk to computer for and

I’m computer one I’m gonna send data that data is gonna very similar to what we talked about earlier with a hub it’s gonna visit each device and those device are gonna say you’re not for me this is

my data pass it on to the next one not the most efficient and then finally Ethernet Ethernet is a physical topology it’s from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers I Triple E and

its standard 802 dot three so we talked about standards the English language protocols this is the protocol or the standard that allows devices to physically connect to a network it

mentions that Internet is or Ethernet is the de-facto standard there’s multiple types of standards here there’s ones that have been voted in that a whole bunch of groups agree on and say hey

we’re going to that’s the standard there’s also the de-facto standard so this is the standard that we’ve used forever so we’re just going to agree that this is

what we’re going to use some examples of some Ethernet include 802 3u or fascist or Ethernet that runs at a hundred megabits per second or 8o 2.3 a B or Giga Gigabit Ethernet there’s a thousand

megabits per second hmm so we have Ethernet which is a representation of the physical media and how information is put on that physical media well information is put on the physical media

in frames basically the way to think of a frame you could think of it like a post card a post card has areas that you write in it has an area that you write information to dear aunt Joan I’m having

a great time glad you’re not here okay no I really miss you so it has the the body of data it also has the address information and the from information so that’s a really simple way to think of a

frame a frames gonna have very similar type of information and the slide covers some of that we’ve got this broken down into pieces I didn’t I didn’t define all of the pieces of a frame these are

actually representative of the areas of a frame but I didn’t label them all because it’s not that level of detail is not required but in this case our preamble it’s gonna be that that to and

from where’s this going where’s it coming from the data which is the bulk of obviously what we’re sending and then the NCRC is it checking to make sure that the the frame is complete when it

gets Mike its received so basically a CRC allows when aunt John receives her card she can look at the CRC and ensure that nobody wrote other information on that card well in this case it’s more

it’s the same idea yeah just make sure that the card is complete in this case you’re gonna look the postcard and see that’s got all four corners and all the stuffs written on it there’s no eraser

marks there’s nothing torn off come with CRC is now we’re gonna we’re actually gonna mess with this definition pretty considerably later on as we go through the layers of the OSI model which we’re

gonna talk about and frames are just one piece of between if I’m sitting at a computer and I want to send a file to you between me telling the computer to send that file to you and getting to you

that file undergoes a number of changes and frames are just one of the stages of change but we’ll talk about that more right-tail later right as mentioned the frame is layer 2 of the OSI model teaser

there’s seven layers of the OSI model which as you said we’ll talk about later centralized computing there’s a couple different types of computing one is centralized this is computing done at us

centralized computing so basically what this allows is a central device has all the computing power it’s not uncommon for the systems that are interconnected to it to be referred to as dummy

terminals this is more a mainframe environment and in the mainframe environment these dummy terminals boot up and any processing done is done by the mainframe system the dummy terminals

typically have a keyboard and a monitor and that’s about it at least in a mainframe environment they’re like I said they’re referred to as dummy terminals and these devices solely our

keyboard monitor well and I think to myself in my head my first thought is the people watching this video go ask your parents what a green screen is and they might be able to tell you oh yeah

exactly yeah that’s the first I get in my headlights talk about terminals I talk about green screens back in the day so hurts me that I’m now the person saying kids go ask your parents go ask

your parents about it oh the old Wiese terminals exactly all the white still has terminals I’m not trying to say Weis is no longer valid well in there’s a saying and it holds

true in IT very very well which is what was old is new again so 2530 years ago there were these dumb terminals these green screens connected to mainframes nowadays we have

I’ll still whites terminals or there are various different vendors that create these what it’s called thin clients it’s a box that doesn’t really have an operating system on it they connect you

to a server that gives you a full in this case Windows operating system we’re not getting into those details Remote Desktop Services is the overarching which you you can speak to at some point

in the next couple of modules is the overarching technology but we’re not going to cover that in this course much okay fair enough so after centralized computing we have

client-server model in a client-server model as I mentioned earlier a client request services a server fulfills services server systems could be Windows Server 2008 Windows Server 2012 a client

could be Windows 7 a server could also be Windows 7 could be technically yes yeah and we’ll actually talk about that next in peer-to-peer networking in peer-to-peer

networking we’ve talked about a client a device that requests services a server a device that fulfills services in a peer-to-peer network a device can function as either or it can request

services from another device or it can fulfill services from another device file sharing is an example of a peer-to-peer system and in some small offices they may find that a

peer-to-peer network works okay for them they don’t need a centralized server to run their systems certain expenses related to best centralization so if you’ve got 5 to 10 computers it’s a

decision point I guess you could say exactly maybe after a peer-to-peer networking distributed computing distributing computing is basically a hybrid type of environment it includes

both client-server and peer-to-peer networks every device has its own processing power so now we’re getting away from say dummy terminals and we’re getting more into as you

mentioned thin clients so each device has the ability to process its own information but it may still request information from other devices yep and and in this case distributed computing

week when we say both client-server and peer-to-peer work Microsoft Microsoft is very much a client-server environment we have servers we have clients but it doesn’t stop me as a user

from creating a folder putting content in it and sharing it out to the network for other users to access I’m now making kind of a peer-to-peer connection on this very large client server network

heylook remote desktop services and remote sessions shock that slide amazing I think I put this back in here uh as we mentioned as Christopher mentioned earlier everything old is new again

centralized Computing’s made a comeback of sorts Remote Desktop Services and remote sessions to computers are based off the centralized computing model so basically what we have here is in Remote

Desktop Services is the ability from one system to do what we refer to as presentation virtualization so now over the network I’m just getting a screen so all the

processing power is done at a central location and all I’m receiving are screen updates Thomas you may say I don’t understand the benefit of this well in a large network thousands of

clients maybe you’re looking at you’re running an older version of your client OS and you now want to update what client OS your systems are running on time for 8.1 when it’s available exactly

exactly so now what we might want to look at is instead of that hardware cost of updating all those clients to enable them to run the new OS as a method you may want to use Remote Desktop Services

so now my older client can run a newer operating system the operating system isn’t run locally another example of why you might I can do this all day well I’ll just say I was

gonna say the reverse might actually be true we’ve decided to put all of our new or our we’ve decided to send all of our old computers out to pasture it’s time that ten years old

we’re running Windows XP we don’t want to run Windows XP anymore which nobody should be running Windows XP anymore but there are applications I have that have been written for XP that only run on XP

well we’re gonna get every computer out of the building and we’re gonna replace them with brand-new shiny hardware and Windows 8.1 I can’t run my applications on Windows 8.1 someone on the network

some administrator can set up Remote Desktop Services to allow me to remote in and run that application in an older environment in XP and Windows 7 elsewhere and at that point all your

data is held at a central location potentially yeah so as employer what you could do is you could have your centralized server running Remote Desktop Services you could have people

that Remote Desktop Service in use remote desktop connection connect in now you have a bit of security added because if they lose their data or their or not their data but their laptop their

physical device all their information is still stored in that central location absolutely to get them up and running all you need to do is get them a new device they connect to the remote

desktop and boom they’re up and running it servers so servers again the easy definition they provide services well what type of services do they provide all right what don’t they provide in

this case we’ve just put a couple of on here that are the most obvious examples file services 90% of the people out there regardless of IT career or just user in an office or at home are

familiar with file sharing with getting a file off another computer getting a file in some case off a central computer that’s the easiest example print services in most offices especially here

I don’t have 100 printers connected to my computer on my desk but I might want to print in color I might want to black and premium black and white I might want to print different sizes I might want

plotter so I can print posters I’m not gonna plug all those devices into my computer and there are a hundred thousand people who also might want to use those prayers

I can plug all of those printers into a centralized server and provide those printers through services to the entire network the rest of these database messaging email web it’s similar to some

of our other lists we’ve had these could go on for days and days and days so we have a list here of client and server operating systems this know this list is by no means inclusive of everything

we’ve just listed some Microsoft ones here it’s weird weird that this would only show Microsoft how did that happen crazy yeah crazy and as we said remember

there’s client their server there’s peer and some of these devices can kind of or some of these operating systems can basically function as both when peer-to-peer or p2p has recently taken

on additional meaning because we’re kind of used to hey offices or I’m sorry devices in our office have interconnected the secretary wants to share something with the manager using

peer-to-peer they share that file now there are specific file sharing networks Napster new Atilla G to public file sharing networks public correct correct other technologies also that we may not

even think about take advantage of p2p file sharing Skype voice over IP or cloud computing we’re not gonna go to your cloud computing we could we could spend another weekend a month on cloud

computing yeah there would be good stuff to be hat that’s a great conversation yeah it is keep it in fact we’re gonna hope to have more of those here in MBA so if once you’ve learned networking you

decide to go from the beginning end to the finishing end in terms of knowledge and an architecture we’re gonna have lots and lots of cloud content eventually well and I believe that you

can download these so you can listen to them on your device as you ride the bus or while somebody else is watching a TV show in your house that you don’t care about absolutely or whatever see I mean

you could consume these I watched MBA sessions at the gym I don’t know if I’m supposed to say that I’m kind of I’m kind of an uber geek give me on a treadmill and I’ll just

listen to an MBA course on Server 2012 what’s new coming up anytime it’s just a good way to keep up on the different technologies in technology there’s two things

it’s a treadmill it never stops and it’s a fire hose information comes at you at such a high rate of speed that yeah so think fire hose sink treadmill but also there’s a lot of information to be had

as I’ve mentioned earlier think hug because we’re gonna give it to you in really gentle nice manner and just make sure that you get the good stuff hopefully hopefully hopefully you think

it’s gentle and nice well we’ll see how that you know we get eval it on all this so you can let us know okay so now we’re kind of at a summary about what we’ve talked about so we’ve talked about

understanding local area networks LAN elements design perimeter networks IP addressing and land types we’ve talked about understanding network topologies and access methods topologies star ring

mesh we’ve addressed Ethernet architecture client-server peer-to-peer networking models we’ve actually covered quite a bit of content and if you’re feeling overwhelmed you should and this

is just the tiniest tip of the iceberg but the great thing is is they can hit pause walk away go get a refreshment go outside they may already be out so I’m actually think about yet but we should

work on that I’m thinking at some point that the word we’re about to refreshment as well I think it were yeah we’re about so let’s look at some additional resources and next steps and you’re

actually gonna see this slide as we as we go through each of these modules we like to give you next steps we don’t want to give you this information and then just leave you sitting there like

well now what do I do well step one I mean obviously next step go get a new jump if you want to hey I learned some Network essentials let’s go get a job hey not saying your current

job is bad exactly we’re not labeling no labels here but if you are doing something new and fun this is a good start so from a Microsoft standpoint we offer some books in this

case we have a we’d have a specific study guide for this exam that 9 8 3 6 6 MTA networking fundamentals it’s a Microsoft official academic course you can buy

that book just about anywhere instructor-led courses this one’s a little more complicated I put four of them on here because once you’ve done the networking MBA course you may want

more depth you may want more bread you may want more information you may even want some hands-on you may want to go into a room and play with cabling and play with network cards and connect some

computers together we offer courses instructor led in-class courses for this course for the other courses of where the prerequisites operating system fundamentals and server fundamentals and

then the last one on there is the actual exam if you feel like after this course you want to go give that a shot if you want to take an instructor-led course and then go give that a shot exam 9 8 –

3 6 6 is our networking fundamentals Microsoft technology associate exam I think that’s pretty much all we have for this module I think that’s it and we’ve covered some really good stuff here

we’ve covered some really good basics I would say people are personally I think people are ready for more I think so so we’re gonna let him get a drink and we’re gonna come back and give him some

more okay we’ll see you really soon